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Update 9/28/09: APA style guidelines for electronic resources have changed, again.
Referencing articles has changed to emphasizing using an assigned DOI (digital object identifier).
Guidelines for citing electronic material without DOIs have also changed. |
For more detailed information see:
American
Psychological Association (2010). Publication Manual of
the American Psychological Association 6th ed. Washington, DC: American
Psychological Association, (Ref. BF 76.7 P83 2010 - Reference Desk). Text
in green on this page refers to the entry in the manual. Our examples were updated and corrected on 7/30/2009.
Reference Citations in Text - Parenthetical references
Reference citations in the text of your paper (instead of footnotes
or end notes) cite the author and date of the works you used in
your research. These references are brief but should give enough information
to enable the reader to find the full citation in the references list at the
end of the paper.
See section 6.11- 6.21 for details
on citations in text.
The 6th edition of the publication manual does not require page and paragraph
numbers in citations in text. The full citation for each parenthetical reference
must be documented in the references list at the end of your paper.
Examples:
The most pressing issue threatening gorilla survival is the
lack of support for gorilla conservation among government officials and local
resident groups (Garen, 2000).
Schaller (1963) stresses that rotational agriculture, which
promotes the growth of secondary forest, is strong factor in providing favorable
habitat for gorillas.
List of References: The list of "References"
identifies and makes it possible for the reader to retrieve all of the sources
you have referred to in the body of your paper. Each entry in the reference list must also be cited in
text.
Basic Elements: There are several
basic elements that are usually included in each citation, including author,
title of article or book chapter, title of book or journal, date of publication,
publisher, place of publication, volume, issue number, etc. Not all of these
elements are present for each item; use only what is appropriate.
Format: "The reference
list must be double-spaced, and entries should have a hanging indent."Here is an example of a correctly
formatted entry:
| Garen, E. (2000). Appraising ecotourism
in conserving biodiversity. In Clark T.W., Willard A. R. & | |
| |
Cromley, C. M. (Eds.). Foundations
of natural resources policy and management (pp. 221 - 251). New Haven:
Yale University Press. | |
- Based on the Publication
Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th ed.`
Print Sources: Books and Documents
| No Author: |
| World development report.(1989).
New York: Oxford University Press. |
| |
| One Author: |
Weil, D. (2006). The corporate blogging book: Absolutely everything you need to know to get it right. |
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New York: Portfolio. |
| Note on capitalization: Capitalize only the first word of the title and of the subtitle, if any, and any proper noun. See 4.15 for more information. |
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| Two or More Authors: |
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Agnew, C. & Anderson, E.W. (1992). Water resources
in the arid realm. New York: Routledge. |
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| Corporate Author: |
| Association of College and Research Libraries. National Conference (13th : 2007 : Baltimore, Md.) |
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(2007). Sailing into the future: Charting our destiny: Proceedings of the Thirteenth National Conference of the Association of College and Research Libraries, March 29-April 1, 2007, Baltimore, Maryland. Chicago: Association of College and Research Libraries. |
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| American
Psychological Association (2010). Publication manual of
the American Psychological |
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Association, 6th ed. Washington, DC: American
Psychological Association. |
| In this example the corporate author is also the publisher. |
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| Editor: |
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Rao, M. (2005). Knowledge management tools and techniques : practitioners and experts evaluate KM |
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solutions. Boston: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. |
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| Two or More Editors: |
| Kraut, R., Brynin, M., & Kiesler, S. (Eds.). (2006). Computers, phones, and the Internet : |
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domesticating information technology. New York: Oxford University Press. |
| |
| Author and Translator: |
| Camara, L. (1984). The guardian of the
word = Kouma Lafôlô Kouma (J. Kirkup. Trans.). |
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New York: Vintage Books. (Original work published 1980) |
| In text, cite the original publication date and the date of the translation: (Camara, 1980/1984).
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| Edition: |
|
Ricklefs, R. E. (1990). Ecology.(3rd ed.). New
York: W.H. Freeman. |
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| Several Volumes: |
| Grzimek, B.(Ed.). (1972 -1975). Grzimek's animal life encyclopedia. (Vols. 1 - 13). New York, |
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Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. |
|
In text, use the following
format: (Grzimek, 1972 -1975). |
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| Article in an Encyclopedia: |
| Old world porcupines, mole rats, rock rats, and African cane rats (1975). In Grzimek's animal life |
| |
encyclopedia.
(Vol. 11, pp. 407 - 419). New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. |
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| Essay or Article in a Collection: |
| Garen, E. (2000). Appraising ecotourism in conserving biodiversity. In Clark T.W., Willard A. R. & |
| |
Cromley, C. M. (Eds.).
Foundations of natural resources policy and management (pp. 221 - 251). New Haven: Yale University Press. |
| |
| Government Publications available from
GPO: |
| U.S. Dept. of Labor. Bureau of Statistics. (1977). Dictionary of occupational titles (4th ed.). |
| |
Washington, DC: US Government
Printing Office.
|
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| Government Publications not available
from GPO: |
| US Fish and Wildlife Service. (1992). Known distribution of the Barton Springs salamander. |
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Austin, Texas: US Fish and Wildlife Service. |
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| Government Report: |
| United States Environmental Protection Agency. (1986). Air quality criteria for ozone and related |
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photochemical oxidants (EPA
Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, report #EPA/600884020). Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina: Author. |
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See section 7.03, Technical and
Research Reports for additional information. |
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| Signed Encyclopedia Article: |
| Peavy, H. (1987). Environmental Engineering. In Encyclopedia of physical science and technology |
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(vol. 5, pp. 210 - 243). Orlando: Academic Press. |
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Periodicals / articles from Print Sources (magazines,
journals, newspapers, newsletters)
Scholarly Journal:
Note on capitalization: Capitalize on the first word of the [article] title and of the subtitle, if any, and any proper nouns; do not italizcize the title or place quotation marks around it. Give the periodical title in full, in uppercase and lowercase letters. Italicize the name of the periodical [journal] and the volume number.
UPDATE (9/28/09) For journal articles:
- Include the issue number if the journal is paginated by issue.
- If there is no DOI assigned and the reference was retrieved online, give the URL of the journal home page [not the database].
- No retrieval date is needed.
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| Augustine, S., & Greene, C. (2002). Discovering how students search
a library web site: |
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A usability case
study. College & Research Libraries, 63 (4), 354 - 365. |
| Turner, J. (1997). Forum: Grizzly bear
number 209. Wild Duck Review,
3 (1), 11 - 14.
|
| Weaver, J. (1996). John
and Frank Craighead. Wildlife Society
Bulletin , 24 (4), 767 - 769. |
| |
| Magazine Article, Signed: |
| Padgett, T., & Begley, S.
(1996, February 5). Beware of the humans. Newsweek,
127 (6), 52 - 54. |
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| Magazine Article, Unsigned: |
| A river runs through it, tearing down the water walls: 75,000 dams were built. Now a few are coming |
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down., This
year, dams will come down from Maine to California. In August, tourists
will even be able to watch the demolition of the Cascade Dam in Yosemite
Valley. (1999, July 12). Newsweek,134 (2), 46. |
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| Newspaper Article, Unsigned: |
| Man is the mane meal (2003, February 13). Scottish Daily Record & Sunday Mail ltd. Daily Record, |
|
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p. 15. Note: use p. or pp. before the page numbers in references to newspapers. |
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| Book Review: |
| Bird, M. (2002,August 26). Ecotourism or egotourism: A critic of "green" travel finds it as hazardous |
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to ecosystems
and cultures as conventional vacations. [Review
of the book A Trip too far: Ecotourism,
politics and exploitation]. Time International
160 (9) 62. |
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Electronic Sources
APA style guidelines use the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) as assigned. This alpha-numeric code usually appears on the article or in the database record. More information on DOI
If the DOI is not provided on the article or in the database record, enter the citation information using DOI Lookup.
If the work does not have a DOI assigned, see additional examples below.
Always provide issue number (if available) following volume number.
Include author first & middle initials, and issue number if provided. Works with a DOI do not need a database name. Also, because they are final versions of articles, do not include date of retrieval, and the URL is not included. Since DOI numbers are complex, we suggest copying and pasting the DOI into your reference.
Notes: About retrieval dates: "The date an electronic source was retrieved is important it the content you are citing is likely to be changed or updated....No retrival date is necessary for content that is not likely to be changed or updated a, such as a journal article or book."
About URLs: Do not insert a hyphen if you need to break a URL across lines; instead, break the URL before most punctuation (an exception would be http://). Do not add a period after the URL...This is not a style issue but a retrieval issue. |
| Internet articles based on a print source: | |
| Stoinski T.S., Hoff M.P., & Maple T.L. (2002, July 1). The Effect of structural preferences, temperature, |
|
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and social
factors on visibility in western lowland gorillas: (gorilla g. gorilla)
[Electronic version]. Environment &
Behavior, 34 (4), 493-507.
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| Article in an Internet-only journal: | |
| Magliocca, F. (1999, May). 1998 Update on the gorillas of the Odzala National Park, Popular Republic | |
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of Congo. Gorilla
conservation news, 13, Retrieved February 23, 2003, from
http://www.anthro.ucdavis.edu/gcn/g13congo.htm | |
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| Electronic
copy of a journal article, retrieved from database: with DOI assigned: | |
| Scholze, M., Knorr, W., Arneill, N. W., &. Prentice, I. C. (August 29, 2006). A climate-change risk |
|
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analysis for world ecosystems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103, 13116-13120. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601816103 | |
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| Web Sites/ Pages |
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Entire web sites (as opposed to specific documents or sections of the web site) are not cited in the reference list, but are cited within text as shown in the following sample sentence:
| David Rumsey Historical Maps Collection web site has over 15,800 maps online as well as other |
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visual arts collections (http://www.davidrumsey.com/). |
Note: This may be confusing (If in doubt, consult with your instructor as to how they prefer citations to entire web sites). Here is the guideline from the FAQ on the APA website.
Q: How do I cite an entire Web site (but not a specific document on that site)?
A: When citing an entire Web site, it is sufficient to give the address of the site in just the text. For example, Kidspsych is a wonderful interactive web site for children (http://www.kidspsych.org).
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| Individual web page with personal author | |
| Fine, D. (1995). The Misty future of Rwanda's mountain gorillas Retrieved February 23, 2003, from | |
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http://www.well.com/user/fine/rwandan.html. | |
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|
| Document available on large Web site (like
university or government sites): | |
| US Department of State, Bureau of Consular Affairs Travel Warnings & Consular Information Sheets | |
| |
(2002). Consular
information sheet, Rwanda. Retrieved February
23, 2003 from http://travel.state.gov/rwanda.html.
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|
| ERIC Documents: | |
| Allen, C. N. (1989). Gorilla creativity: A Study unit To promote critical and creative thinking. | |
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(ERIC
Document Reproduction Service No. ED405277).
| |
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| Online Abstract: | |
| Mcneilage, A., Plumptre, J.A.,
Brock-Doyle, A., & Vedder, A. (2001, January). Bwindi Impenetrable |
|
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National Park, Uganda: gorilla census 1997. Oryx. 35(1) 39 - 47. Jan 2001.
Abstract retrieved from http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=ORX
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| "In scholarly research, it is preferable to read and cite primary sources [entire articles] whenever possible." |
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| Electronic Books / E-Books |
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| Darwin, C. (1896). The origin of species by means of natural selection, or, The preservation |
|
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of favored races in the struggle for life. New York: D. Appleton. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books |
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| Equal Suffrage Association of North Carolina (1915) Proceedings of the Second Annual |
|
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Convention of the Equal Suffrage Association of North Carolina Held at Battery Park Hotel Asheville, N. C. October, 29th, 1915. Retrieved from http://docsouth.unc.edu/nc/suffrage/
menu.html |
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Denning, D.E.R. and Lin, H. Rights and Responsibilities of Participants in Networked Communities
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Retrieved from http://www.netlibrary.com/ |
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Articles from Databases
New guidelines from the 6th Edition, Section 6.32
- In general, it is not necessary to include database information. Journal coverage in a particular database may change over time; also, if using an aggregator such as EBSCO....[which contains] many discipline-specific databases such as PsycINFO, [Communication and Mass Media Complete, Education Research Complete, etc.], it may be unclear exactly which database provided the full text of an article.
- Some archival documents (e.g. discontinued journals, monographs, dissertations, or papers not formally published) can only be found in electronic databases such as ERIC or JSTOR. When the document is not easily located trhough its primary publishing channels, give the home or entry page URL for the online archive.
- If you do need to cite the database, use the URL for the home page of the database, not the long URL associated with the individual article
- Do not include the retrieval dates unless the source material may change over time (e.g. Wikis).
|
| Article with no DOI assigned; content retrieved from an online database.
New with the 7th edition:
"If no DOI has been assigned to the content, provide the home page URL of the journal or of the book or report publisher. If you are accessing the article from a private [subscription] database [such as EBSCOhost], you may need to do a quick web search to locate this URL." Section 6.32.
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| Dearstyne, B. (2007, July). Blogs, Mashups, & Wikis Oh, My!. Information Management |
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Journal, 41(4), 24-33. http://www.arma.org/imj/index.cfm |
In this example we actually retrieved the article from EBSCO, but we did a search on the journal title to find the home page URL for the journal.
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| Article with DOI assigned ; content retrieved from an online database. |
| Dean, P. (2007, May). DVDs Add-Ons or Bygones?. Convergence: The Journal of Research into |
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New Media Technologies, 13(2), 119-128. doi:10.1177/1354856507075239 |
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| Article with DOI assigned (another example); content retrieved from an online database. |
| Kamel Boulos, M., & Wheeler, S. (2007, March). The emerging Web 2.0 social software: an |
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enabling suite of sociable technologies in health and health care education. Health Information & Libraries Journal, 24(1), 2-23.doi:10.1111/j.1471-1842.2007.00701.x |
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| Article with DOI assigned; content retrieved from journal freely available on the Web. |
| Giustini,D. (2006, December). How Web 2.0 is changing medicine. BMJ 2006, 333 (7582), 1283-1284. |
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doi:10.1136/bmj.39062.555405.80 |
| Note: the issue number for this article was not available on the web version - we had to go to Pubmed database to get a complete citation. |
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| LexisNexis: |
| Von Radowitz, J. (2003, February 13). Man-eating lions dine on ecotourists a la carte. The Evening |
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Standard (London). http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/ |
| In this example we actually retrieved the article from LexisNexis, but we did a search on the journal title to find the home page URL for the newspaper. |
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| LexisNexis - Transcript of radio news program: This article has a very long title. |
| Edwards, B., & Kaste, M. (2000, November 29). Local Galapagos Island fishermen resort to violence in |
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protest of fishing regulations there, causing concern about conservation efforts
and tourism on the islands. National
Public Radio: Morning Edition [Radio broadcast]. http://www.npr.org/ |
| In this example we actually retrieved the transcript from LexisNexis. We gave the URL for NPR because the audio version of the story, and the transcript are actually available from that web site. |
Personal Communications
Includes: letters, memos, e-mail, personal interviews, telephone conversations, and the like.
Because they do not provide recoverable data, personal communications are not included in the reference list. Cite personal communications in text only. Give the initials as well as the surname of the communicator, and provide as exact a date as possible.
Examples:
Place this type of citation within the text:
J. M. Welch (personal communication, June 26, 2007) suggests that ....
Place this type of citation at the end of your cited passage:
(T.K. Lutes, personal communication, April 18, 2001)
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